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Applicable Large Employer (ALE) Requirements

Elisabeth Ellingson on October 4, 2025

The Affordable Care Act (ACA) is the comprehensive health care reform law enacted in 2010. The ACA has many complex requirements for employers and their health plans. The attachments provide more information on ACA requirements for ALEs.

Disclaimer: This article and attachments are not intended to be exhaustive nor should any discussion or opinions be construed as legal advice. Readers should contact legal counsel for legal advice. The contents of this document may be affected by future regulations and sub-regulatory guidance.

Wrap Documents for Welfare Benefit Plans

Elisabeth Ellingson on February 19, 2025

Wrap Documents for Welfare Benefit Plans

The Employee Retirement Income Security Act of 1974 (ERISA) is a federal law that sets minimum standards for employee benefit plans maintained by private-sector employers. Under ERISA, employer-sponsored welfare benefit plans, such as group health plans, must be described in a written plan document. In addition, employers must explain the plans’ terms to participants by providing them with a summary plan description (SPD).
 
The insurance certificate or benefit booklet provided by an insurance carrier or other third party for a welfare benefit plan typically does not satisfy ERISA’s content requirements for plan documents and SPDs.
 
However, employers may use wrap documents in conjunction with the insurance certificate or benefit booklet in order to satisfy ERISA’s requirements. This document is called a “wrap document” because it essentially wraps around the insurance certificate or benefit booklet to fill in the missing ERISA-required provisions. When a wrap document is used, the ERISA plan document or SPD is made up of two documents— the insurance certificate or benefit booklet and the wrap document.

Links and Resources

ERISA Coverage

Covered Employers
ERISA applies to virtually all private-sector employers that maintain welfare benefit plans for their employees, regardless of the size of the employer. This includes corporations, partnerships, limited liability companies, sole proprietorships and nonprofit organizations.
 
ERISA exempts only two types of employers:
 
  • Employee benefit plans maintained by governmental employers are exempt from ERISA’s requirements. This exemption includes plans maintained by the federal, state or local (for example, a city, county or township) governments.
  • Church plans are also exempt from ERISA. A church plan is any employee benefit plan established or maintained by a church or by a convention or association of churches that is exempt from tax under Section 501 of the Internal Revenue Code (Code), and that has not made an election under Code Section 410(d) to be subject to ERISA.
 
Small employers are subject to ERISA’s requirements, unless they meet the exemption for governmental employers or churches.
 
Welfare Benefit Plans
Many employment plans or programs that provide nonretirement benefits to employees are considered employee welfare benefit plans that are subject to ERISA. To qualify as an ERISA plan, there must be a plan, fund or program that is established by the employer for the purpose of providing ERISA-covered benefits (through the purchase of insurance or otherwise) to participants and their beneficiaries. ERISA generally applies to the following common employee benefits, regardless of whether they are insured or self-funded:
 
  • Medical, surgical or hospital benefits;
  • Dental and vision benefits;
  • Prescription drug benefits;
  • Health reimbursement arrangements (HRAs);
  • Health flexible spending accounts (FSAs);
  • Group life insurance benefits;
  • Wellness programs (when medical care is provided);
  • Employee assistance plans (when medical care is provided);
  • Disability benefits, if insured or funded other than as a payroll practice; and
  • Disease-specific coverage (for example, cancer policies).

Written Plan Document

ERISA requires welfare benefit plans to “be established and maintained pursuant to a written instrument.” Thus, an employer’s welfare benefit plans must be described in a written plan document. There is no small employer exception to ERISA’s plan document requirement.
 
ERISA does not require that a plan document be in any particular format. However, there are several topics that must be addressed in the written plan document for a welfare benefit plan. For example, the plan document must address:
 
  • Benefits and eligibility;
  • Funding of benefits;
  • Procedures for allocating and delegating plan responsibilities;
  • Plan amendment and termination procedures;
  • Designation of named fiduciary; and
  • Required provisions for group health plans, such as COBRA rights and HIPAA compliance.
 
Does the Booklet Prepared by the Insurer or TPA Qualify as a Plan Document?
 
In general, the detailed coverage document (or certificate of coverage) provided by an insurance carrier for a welfare benefit does not contain all of the information required by ERISA for a plan document. For example, while carrier certificates include detailed benefit information, they generally do not designate plan fiduciaries or provide procedures for amending or terminating the plan. Thus, the carrier’s certificates, on their own, are not ERISA-compliant plan documents. Benefit booklets provided by TPAs for self-insured welfare benefits may also fail to include the ERISA-required information for plan documents.

Wrap Documents

A wrap document is a relatively simple document that supplements existing documentation for a welfare benefit plan (for example, an insurance certificate or benefit booklet). This document is called a wrap document because it essentially wraps around the certificate or booklet to fill in the missing ERISA-required provisions. Because the wrap document incorporates the insurance certificate or benefits booklet by reference, the plan’s benefit provisions continue to be governed by the terms of those documents.
 
When a wrap document is used, the ERISA plan document is comprised of two pieces:
 
  1. The insurance certificate or benefits booklet, reflecting many of the plan’s important terms and requirements; and
  2. The wrap document that fills in the ERISA-required information that is missing from the insurance certificate or benefits booklet.
 
Thus, the wrap document and the carrier certificate (or TPA booklet), together, make up the plan document.

Mega Wrap Plans

Wrap documents can be used to combine more than one welfare benefit under a single plan, which is sometimes referred to as a “mega wrap plan” or an “umbrella plan.” For example, a wrap document could be used to bundle medical benefits, dental benefits, disability coverage and an HRA under one single ERISA plan. This document would wrap around all the third-party documentation (for example, insurance certificates or benefit booklets) to include the missing ERISA provisions and combine the benefits into one plan.
 
The decision of whether to combine (or bundle) welfare benefits often depends on how it will affect the Form 5500 filing obligation.
 
  • For larger employers, combining different benefits together may simplify the annual reporting requirement because only one Form 5500 will be required for the bundled plan.
  • For smaller employers, however, each benefit offered as a separate plan may qualify for the Form 5500 exemption for small plans. Combining the benefits together under a bundled plan might cause the plan to exceed the threshold for small plans, which would trigger the Form 5500 filing requirement.
 
Form 5500 Exemption—Small welfare plans are exempt from the Form 5500 filing requirement if they have fewer than 100 covered participants and their benefits are insured or unfunded.
 

Summary Plan Descriptions (SPDs)

Virtually all welfare benefit plans that are subject to ERISA must provide participants with an SPD, regardless of the size of the sponsoring employer. An SPD is a document that is provided to plan participants to explain their rights and benefits under the plan document. ERISA also includes detailed content requirements for welfare benefit plan SPDs.
 
In general, a carrier’s insurance certificate will not include all the information that must be included in an SPD under ERISA. A benefit booklet prepared by a TPA may also fail to include the ERISA-required information for SPDs. To create an SPD in this situation, an employer can use a wrap document (wrap SPD) that includes the ERISA-required information that the certificate or booklet prepared by the insurer or TPA does not include. In this scenario, the wrap SPD and the insurance certificate or booklet, together, make up the plan’s SPD. To comply with ERISA, both the wrap SPD and the insurance certificate or booklet must be distributed to plan participants by the appropriate deadline.

Noncompliance

There are no specific penalties under ERISA for failing to have a plan document or SPD. However, not having a plan document or SPD can have serious consequences for an employer, including the following:
 
  • Inability to respond to participant requests: The plan document/SPD must be furnished in response to a participant’s written request. The plan administrator may be charged up to $110 per day if it does not provide the plan document within 30 days after an individual’s request. These penalties may apply even where a plan document/SPD does not exist.
  • Benefit lawsuits: Not having a plan document may put an employer at a disadvantage in the event a participant brings a lawsuit for benefits under the plan. Without a plan document, it will be difficult for a plan administrator to prove that the plan’s terms support benefit decisions. Also, without a plan document, plan participants can use past practice or other evidence outside of the actual plan’s terms to support their claims. Additionally, courts will likely apply a standard of review that is less favorable to the employer (and more favorable to participants) when reviewing benefit claims under an unwritten plan.
  • DOL audits: The Department of Labor (DOL) has broad authority to investigate or audit an employee benefit plan’s compliance with ERISA. When the DOL selects an employer’s health plan for audit, it will almost always ask to see a copy of the plan document and SPD, in addition to other plan-related documents. If an employer cannot respond to the DOL’s document requests, it may trigger additional document requests, interviews, on-site visits or even DOL enforcement actions. Also, the DOL may impose a penalty of up to $195 per day (up to $1,956 per request) for failing to provide information requested by the DOL.
 

This Compliance Overview is not intended to be exhaustive nor should any discussion or opinions be construed as legal advice. Readers should contact legal counsel for legal advice. ©2018-2025 Zywave, Inc. All rights reserved.